What are the best practices for structuring Playwright tests for maintainability and scalability?

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To ensure maintainability and scalability in Playwright test automation, follow these best practices:

1. Use the Page Object Model (POM):
   Encapsulate page interactions in dedicated classes. This separates test logic from UI logic, making tests easier to maintain.

2. Group Tests Logically:
   Organize tests by feature or functionality (e.g., /tests/auth, /tests/dashboard) to improve navigation and modularity.

3. Use Fixtures:
   Leverage Playwright’s built-in fixtures (via test.extend) to manage setup, teardown, and context configuration. This reduces repetitive code.

4. Keep Tests Independent:
   Each test should set up its own state and not depend on others. This allows parallel execution and reduces flakiness.

5. Use Test Hooks Wisely:
   Use beforeEach and afterEach for test-level setup and cleanup, not for shared state.

6. Parameterized Tests:
   Use test.describe() with parameterization for similar scenarios, reducing duplication and improving coverage.

7. Centralize Selectors and Constants:
   Avoid hard-coding selectors in tests. Store them in page objects or constants for reusability and easier updates.

8. Implement CI Integration:
   Automate test execution via CI pipelines (e.g., GitHub Actions, Jenkins) with headless browser mode and artifacts like screenshots and videos.

9. Use Tags and Test Metadata:
   Tag tests for grouping (e.g., smoke, regression) and filtering during runs.

10. Handle Flakiness Proactively:
    Use auto-waiting wisely, avoid unnecessary waits, and add meaningful error messages.

By adhering to these practices, your Playwright tests remain reliable, readable, and easy to scale as the application grows.

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